tags

てｰForm for Giving

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• Giving verbs: あげる、もらう、くれる can be combined with another verb’s て形 to show directionality of someone doing something for someone else.
• The giving/receiving circle’s inside and outside principles still apply here

[!example] Subjective Differences 私が父に教えてもらった I(subject) was taught by my father

父が私に教えてくれた My father(subject) taught me

• The speaker is usually implied by くれる statements without an explicit recipient
• When the て form is used in an auxiliary context, ないで is the expected ending for negatives as opposed to なくて

Imperative Form

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• True imperative form, often sounds rude and is more like a command
• 一段 verbs take on the ろ ending
• 五段 verbs take on their ending’s え sound

[!example] 見ろ！ Look!

殺せ Kill!

切れ Cut!

買え Buy!

• Archaic form exists for 一段 with よ ending
  • e.g. 食べよ　→　Eat

で、では、じゃ

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• Denotes means or the location where an action occurs
• Contraction of にて
  • May appear in formal settings
• で may also appear as if it’s the て form of だ. It assumes typical usage of the て form, except it works with nouns or nominalized words

では

• Compound particle between で as the case marker and は as the topic particle
• では indicates that the statement following the particle applies to the context and circumstance of the noun attached to では